Periodontal disease, commonly known as gum disease, is a chronic inflammatory condition that affects the tissues surrounding and supporting the teeth. The term “periodontal” refers to the structures around the teeth, including the gums, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone. Periodontal disease is a major cause of tooth loss in adults.

There are two main stages of periodontal disease:

• Gingivitis: Gingivitis is the early stage of periodontal disease and is characterized by inflammation of the gums (gingiva).
• Plaque, a sticky film of bacteria, continuously forms on the teeth. If not removed through regular brushing and flossing, it can lead to the development of gingivitis.
• Common signs and symptoms of gingivitis include redness, swelling, and bleeding of the gums, especially during brushing or flossing. However, gingivitis is generally reversible with good oral hygiene practices and professional dental cleanings.
• Periodontitis: If gingivitis is not addressed, it can progress to periodontitis, a more severe form of periodontal disease.
• Periodontitis can cause gum recession, tooth mobility, and, ultimately, tooth loss.
• Several factors contribute to the development and progression of periodontal disease, including:
• Poor Oral Hygiene: Inadequate brushing and flossing allow plaque to accumulate, leading to gingivitis and, if untreated, progressing to periodontitis.
• Smoking/Tobacco Use: Tobacco use is a significant risk factor for periodontal disease, impairing the healing process and making treatment less effective.
• Genetic Predisposition: Some individuals may be more genetically susceptible to periodontal disease.
• Systemic Conditions: Certain systemic conditions, such as diabetes, can increase the risk of periodontal disease.
• Hormonal Changes: Hormonal fluctuations, such as those during pregnancy, menstruation, and menopause, can make gums more susceptible to gingivitis.
• Poor Nutrition: A diet lacking in essential nutrients can compromise the immune system and contribute to periodontal disease.

Treatment for periodontal disease involves professional dental cleanings to remove plaque and calculus, scaling, and root planning to clean below the gumline, and, in severe cases, surgical procedures to address deep pockets or restore damaged tissues. Additionally, maintaining good oral hygiene practices and addressing underlying risk factors are crucial for preventing and managing periodontal disease. Regular dental check-ups are essential for early detection and intervention.